This legend does not appear before 1671, first being related by Antoine Faustus Nairon, a Maronite professor of Oriental languages and author of one of the first printed treatises devoted to coffee, De Saluberrima potione Cahue seu Cafe nuncupata Discurscus (Rome, 1671), indicating the story is likely apocryphal. In a commonly repeated legend, Kaldi, a 9th-century Ethiopian goatherd, first observed the coffee plant after seeing his flock energized by chewing on the plant. There are multiple anecdotal origin stories which lack evidence. Critics of the coffee industry have also pointed to its negative impact on the environment and the clearing of land for coffee-growing and water use. Despite sales of coffee reaching billions of dollars worldwide, farmers producing coffee beans disproportionately live in poverty. Green, unroasted coffee is traded as an agricultural commodity. As of 2018, Brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing 35% of the world's total. Coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Africa. The two most commonly grown coffee bean types are C. arabica and C. robusta. In the 20th century, coffee became a global commodity, creating different coffee cultures around the world. By the 16th century, the drink had reached the rest of the Middle East and North Africa, later spreading to Europe. The Yemenis procured the coffee beans from the Ethiopian Highlands via coastal Somali intermediaries and began cultivation. The earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking in the form of the modern beverage appears in modern-day Yemen from the mid-15th century in Sufi shrines, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to current methods. Though coffee is now a global commodity, it has a long history tied closely to food traditions around the Red Sea. Sugar, sugar substitutes, milk, and cream are often used to mask the bitter taste or enhance the flavor. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, French press, caffè latte, or already-brewed canned coffee). It is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. The beans are roasted and then ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. Seeds of the Coffea plant's fruits are separated to produce unroasted green coffee beans.

It has the highest sales in the world market for hot drinks. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. By bookmarking this link you can directly jump to the most recent papers on is a beverage prepared from roasted coffee beans. You can access the most recent arxiv papers through the address.Similarly you can expand the abstract using 'a', see the figures using 'f' and see the bibtex using 'b'. You can scroll any list of papers on benty-fields using the key 'j' for down and 'k' for up.If you are an author of a paper which displays such an embedded video, you can edit video under 'My seminars' (if the paper is listed in your 'My papers' library category). If any seminar or recording is linked to a paper, the seminar will show up as a embedded video underneath the paper (e.g.All that is needed is that people who organise these seminars make them accessible for everyone, not just people in their institutes. Many institutional seminars are now online, offering the opportunity to have a potentially huge number of seminars available to all of us.Most recently we added the seminars page, where you can advertise live seminars or recordings.

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